南汉山城

南汉山城作为朝鲜李朝 (1392–1910)用于紧急时刻的都城，位于首尔东南方约 25公里的山城里。山城由佛教僧兵建设和守卫，可以容纳4000人，并拥有行政和军事指挥的重要功能。南汉山城年代最早的遗存可以追溯到公元七世纪，但几经重建，最大规模的重建是在十七世纪早期，为了抵御可能的满清入侵而进行的增建。山城的建设融合了当时军事防御工程学理念，深受中国和日本的影响，并且随着西方火器引入后，又融入了新的建设理念。山城一直有居民居住，并且长期成为一个地区的首府，城市包括一系列军事，民用和宗教建筑，并且曾成为了韩国君主的象征。

Namhansanseong was designed as an emergency capital for the Joseon dynasty (1392–1910), in a mountainous site 25 km south-east of Seoul. Built and defended by Buddhist monk-soldiers, it could accommodate 4,000 people and fulfilled important administrative and military functions. Its earliest remains date from the 7th century, but it was rebuilt several times, notably in the early 17th century in anticipation of an attack from the Sino-Manchu Qing dynasty. The city embodies a synthesis of the defensive military engineering concepts of the period, based on Chinese and Japanese influences, and changes in the art of fortification following the introduction from the West of weapons using gunpowder. A city that has always been inhabited, and which was the provincial capital over a long period, it contains evidence of a variety of military, civil and religious buildings and has become a symbol of Korean sovereignty.

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